Persian Chart : Western Europe 1500-1750
By Julianna Smith

Political 
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Parliamentary Government – In this time period, many European states were transitioning from a Monarchy government to a Parliamentary government. A monarchy is where a monarch, like a king, is the head authority. A parliamentary government is where a body of cabinet leaders are responsible for making the decisions in a country. Most of the European nations became parliamentary monarchies by the end of the Early Modern Era.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parliamentary+government
http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/firstparliaments/
Colonization – During this period, many Europeans were setting out to conquer new lands and create new colonies. Many of these colonies were in the Americas. The British mostly colonized in North America, while Spain and Portugal mostly colonized in Latin America. This colonization led to much more government subjects, tributes, and taxes. 

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Thirty Years War – This war from 1618-1648 was a conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants. This war was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation and, what began in the Holy Roman Empire, soon came to involve most of politically fragmented Europe. It was finally ended by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which gave nations the right to have control of religious dealings within their respected boundaries.
Information taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition
Economic 
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Fur Trade – Although there was not much fur to be found in Western Europe, the Europeans did have their hands in the world’s fur trade. The Europeans, who began colonizing North America in the 18th century, employed Native Americans to acquire fur. Because of the Little Ice Age in Europe, fur became in very high demand. This change in weather also raised the prices of fur dramatically. 
PictureSilver Mining in Spanish Colonies
Silver in the Spanish colonies – The Spanish colonies in Latin America were very rich with silver. Since silver was becoming the first international trade, it enriched Spain and its government. The silver mine in Potosi, Bolivia, was the main source of silver for Spain. However, the large amounts of silver that Spain received did not change the Spanish economy because it brought about the rise of prices rather than actual economic expansion. Thus, when the demand and value of silver dropped, Spain was no longer a dominant force in Western Europe.

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Slave Trade and Plantations– Although slaves were not exported from Western Europe or imported to Western Europe, slaves did play a large part in the economy of Western European states. The sugar plantations in North America, which contained many Western European colonies, required many people to work the plantations and harvest the crops. Of course, these cash crops contributed to Western European nations’ economies.      

PictureBritish East India Company Logo
The East India Companies - In the 17th century, the spice trade was very competitive in Western Europe. Both the Dutch and the English established trading companies, which later developed into trading empires, in South and Southeast Asia. The British set up the British East India Company in India, and the Dutch set up the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia. Both of these regions were rich in spices. Because of these companies, the British and Dutch began to deal goods in bulk instead of just luxury items.                         
All information in the Economical section was taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition
Religion 
PictureMartin Luther and Ninety Five Theses
Protestant Reformation –When the German priest Martin Luther put into question the luxurious lives of church officials with the document, the Ninety Five Theses, he sparked the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther believed that eternal life is God’s gift to the world, and it is not something that can be earned through good deeds.  The Protestant Reformation gave way to many people opposing the dominant domination in Christian Europe: Catholicism. Since Protestantism promoted the practice of doing things for oneself, it was widely accepted throughout the peasant class, women, and royalty (who opposed the authority of the pope). 
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Christianity – Christianity, the religion based off of the teachings of the Bible and of Jesus Christ, spread globally. In 1500, Christianity was found from Spain and England to Russia and Ethiopia to Central Asia and India. Inside Europe, however, Christianity was split between the Western Catholic world and the Eastern Orthodox Christian world. 
Spain in the Philippines- When Spain went to the Philippines to acquire natural resources found there; they soon realized that they could convert many Filipinos to Christianity. In fact, Catholic rituals were a main component in being able to colonize in the Philippines. The Philippines turned into one of the only major Christian societies in Asia.  
Information in this section taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition
Society 
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Women – Women in Western Europe in 1500-1750 were seen as inferior to me. Wives and mothers were also put under male supervision. Women could not hold official church positions in the Catholic or Protestant church. Literacy for women did increase because the Protestant Reformation taught reading the Bible for oneself. However, women could not use that literacy much outside of their home.

Information taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition

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Family Structure – During this time, family structure changed in Western Europe. It was appropriately called the European style family. This style included a new age for marriage. In earlier times, people got married very young. In this new style, though, marriage age was pushed back. Families focused more on just parents and children then on the extended family.

Information taken from Stearn’s World Civilizations: The Global Experience 
Children – Children were mostly neglected, especially since women in this time period gave birth to about nine children. Parents would rarely form bonds with their children, usually due to the fact that they thought their child would die. In fact, many infants were abandoned outside of churches because the parents didn’t want them.
http://academics.triton.edu/uc/rotnfam1.htm
Intellectual 
PictureJohannes Gutenburg and his Printing Press
Printing – The moveable type was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1400s. This printing innovation gave way to higher literacy rates in Western Europe. Books were easier to get and were distributed in larger amounts because of the moveable type. It also gave way to new ideas and new thinking. 
Information taken from Stearn’s World Civilizations: The Global Experience 
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Scientific Revolution – During the years 1500-1750, many scientific breakthroughs such as the telescope, developed by Galileo, the idea that the planets orbit the sun, and the idea of universal gravitation, developed by Sir Isaac Newton, occurred in Western Europe. This era of science was called the Scientific Revolution. 

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Nicolaus Copernicus – One of the most influential members of the Scientific Revolution in Western Europe was Nicolaus Copernicus. He was a Polish mathematician and astronomer. His book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, published in 1543, gave the theory that the sun is at the middle of everything and that all things revolve around the sun. 

PictureEnlightenment thinkers including Voltaire
Enlightenment – During the Scientific Revolution, a new form of philosophical thinking took shape in Western Europe. This thinking was called Enlightenment. Through Enlightenment, European thinkers believed in revolutionizing human society. The core theme of the Enlightenment movement was progress lead by logic. Enlightenment thinkers include philosopher John Locke, German intellectual Immanuel Kant, Voltaire, and Jean Jacque Rousseau.
Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Enlightenment Information taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition
Arts and Architecture 
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William Shakespeare – One of the most famous writers of all time, William Shakespeare, was born in 1546 in England. Shakespeare wrote many famous plays and sonnets like Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and many more. Shakespeare was important to Western European theater and international theater as many of his plays and poems innovated English literature.

http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/122
PictureSt. Peter's Basilica
Renaissance Architecture – Renaissance Architecture incorporated many Greek and Roman style of architecture. It also incorporated medieval styles like Gothic architecture, as well as the 16th century Baroque architecture. The style of architecture included many domes, columns, statues, and pilasters. Famous buildings built in the Renaissance architectural style include Florence Cathedral, St. Peter’s Basilica, and the French palace of Versailles.
http://www.castles.org/castles/Europe/Western_Europe/France/france6.htm
http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance_architecture.php
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Renaissance_architecture.html
PictureLeonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
Art – Western European Art in the time included many different styles of painting and sculpting. These styles include Gothic, Baroque, Romanesque style, and many others. With great art works such as Leonardo da Vinci’s the Last Supper, comes great artists. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are some of the most famous painters of all time. Some of their works include Leonardo da Vinci’s painting, The Mona Lisa, Michelangelo’s sculpture, David, and Raphael’s painting, School of Athens. 
https://histangelproject.omeka.net/exhibits/show/cultureshock/art
http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=7100
Near Geography 
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Location for colonization – Western Europe was at a prime location to colonize in the Western Hemisphere. They were overall closer to them than other nations. Also, the air currents of the Atlantic Ocean blew in the direction of the Americas, making it easier for the Europeans to sail there.

Information taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition

PictureThe Swiss Alps in Western Europe
Natural Features – The Rhine River in Germany is the longest river in Germany and provided a route for trade. The Alps, located in France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, extends for seven hundred miles and form a natural barrier in between these countries. The Pyrenees Mountains form a natural barrier between Spain and France.
http://www.slideshare.net/kebrooke/physical-features-of-europe
http://www.mountainprofessor.com/the-alps.html
Population Growth – Between the years 1500-1650, Europe’s population grew by twenty percent. This was due to the extensive commercialization and urbanization experienced by Western Europe at that time. Another factor contributing to the population growth was the Columbian exchange. This exchange brought North American food into Europe, thus supplying more nutrients to feed the growing population.


Information taken from Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition
Information taken from Stearn’s World Civilizations: The Global Experience 

Persian Chart of Western Europe 1500-1750 by Julianna Smith 

East Asia PErsian Chart

political

economic

religion

society

intellectual

art

near geographic

Sophia Gonzalez-Mayagoitia
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_ming.htm
http://worldhistory1500.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-far-east-1500-1750.html
Robert W. Strayer’s Ways of the World Second Edition

Early modern: south asia
By: Christian estrada

political

  • Mughal empire was made by a Central Asian warrior Babur. He claimed to be he descendent of Chinggis Khan and Timur. This empire created a long interaction phase between Muslims and Hindus.
  • most of India was politically united under the Mughal empire
  • Akbar - Mughal India's most famous emperor. He married several non-Islamic princesses. He gave political and military power to Hindus. He supported the building of Hindu temples. He expanded India's borders. He also lessened the restrictions on Hindu women.
  • More restraints were placed on the ulama. (religious scholars)
  • Jizya was removed. (special tax on non-Muslims)
  • Aurangzeb was a ruler who reversed Akbar's legacy and restored original Islamic law.

Economic

  • Due to high taxes on non-Muslims, the majority lived in poverty.
  • Vasco de Gama created a trading route of commerce between Europe and India.
  • Indian cottons were in great demand.
  • Europeans disliked relying on Muslim trading networks.
  • Indian merchants demanded to be paid in silver or gold. 
  • The Portuguese created trading posts in Goa on the west coast of India by using their military advantage.
  • Mughal India constantly resisted Portuguese commercial control.
  • The English established trading company posts in Bombay, Calcutta, and Mandras. They secures their trading posts with bribes and focused on Indian cotton textiles, which were constantly in high demand.

religion

  • Bhakti - a new devotional form of Hinduism that sought to achieve union with Gods through Songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals.
  • The ruling family and about 20% of the population were Muslims while the rest of the population was Hindu.
  • Hindus were brought into positions in the government but were later removed.
  • The Mughal Emperor Akbar created his own state cult, a religious faith aimed at the elites, combing aspects of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism and emphasizing loyalty to the emperor.
  • Muslims became displeased with Akbar's blend of religion and wanted a more "authentic" Islam.
  • Aurangeb brought back original religious policies, causing Hindu and Muslim separation, fragmenting the Empire.
  • Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak. It became popular in the Punjab region. They keep their hair and beard uncut and wear turbans. They blend Hindu and Muslim element to form their own religion.

society

  • Akbar tried to make Muslim and Hindus work together by incorporating Hindus into the military and government positions. Akbar tried elevating the social status of women by encouraging remarriage of widows, discouraging marriage at a young age, and discouraging practices like sati.
  • Sati is when a widow follows her husband to death by throwing herself on is funeral pyre. This was a sign of women's inferiority to men.
  • The rules Auragzeb imposed on Hindus further divided the two cultures.
  • Bhakti appealed to women because it provided an avenue from social criticism.
  • Bhakti and Sikhism bridged the divine between Muslims and Hindus.

intellectuals

    • The worlds first multi shot gun was invented
    • Public hospitals existed in the Mughal Empire.
    • Vaccinations for smallpox were introduced by the Europeans
    • The Scientific Revolutin in Europe brought new ways of thinking to people; including the people in India.
    • Europeans were the center of a massive exchange of information since they contained knowledge of foreign lands, plants, animals, and peoples.
    • The philosopher Shayk Ahmad claimed to be the "renewer" of authentic Islam in his time
    • Bhakti practitioners often wrote religious poems

arts and architecture

  • Through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals, devotees of bhakti sought to find spiritual unity with gods.
  • Jahangir and Shah Jahan increased painting workshops.
  • Some paintings exhibited the influence of European paintings.
  • Miniatures commonly made to traditional Islamic topics such as court life scenes, battle scenes, or animals and plants.
  • The Taj Mahal was built during this time period.
  • Mughal architecture incorporates Persian and Hindu influence.
  • Sikhs made colorful manuscript paintings.
  • Guru Nanak is a Sikh painting.

NEAR GEOGRAPHY

  • Turkic warriors immigrated from Central Asia to India and conquered the natives there.
  • India's' latitude and climate varies, but allows them to grow cotton sufficiently.
  • Vasco de Gama, accompanied by the 
    European goods, moved from Europe and reached India through the Indian Ocean.
  • Southern tip of India was never conquered.
  • Mountains were in the north, deserts in the west, and a coastline surrounds India on three sides.
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/southasia_timeline.htm
http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8.asp

Latin America: early modern Persian chart

by: America guerrero 

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P(olitical):
  • The "encomienda" system began in 1502 when The Spanish sent Olvado to Santo Domingo to enforce their language and culture.
  • The Spanish create a supreme court known as an "audiencia" in Santo Domingo to control the conquerors work, by 1511.
  • Atuey leads the Indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Cuba by Diego Velasquez.
  •  Bartolome' de las Casas, pushes legislation for the benefit of the natives.
  • When Hernan Cortes reaches Mexico, he conquers the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochitlan, and captures their current emperor, Montezuma. 
  • After Montezuma's death, the Aztec's second emperor dies of smallpox, the third refuses Spaniard rule. Finally by 1521, the Aztec empire falls in the hands of the Spaniards' rule and their native allies. 
  • In 1522, the Spanish king assigns Cortes as Mexico's new governor.
  • In 1524, the Spanish establish the "Consejo de las Indias" as a form to govern the American colonies.
  • 1533, Pizarro takes over the Inca empire after executing their emperor. 
  • Bartolome' finally gets laws apporved  by the Spanish king to protect natives from exploitation, in 1542. 
  • In the mid 1600's a gathered group of slaves attack the Jesuit mission, and regains Portugal's independence.


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E(conomy):
  • By 1501 Spanish colonists from Hispaniola were importing African slaves into Latin America
  • The Spanish established the "Casa de Contratacion" to guarantee a monolopy trade between Spain and the Americas.
  • During the year of 1512, there was a gold rush in Cuba.
  • Also in this year the first official bishop from the Americas come from Spain settling in Puerto Rico.
  •  In 1520, the Spanish encomendors  expell the Utopian farming community created by Bartolome' in Venezuela. 
  • In 1545, silver is discovered in Bolivia. 
  • Colonial trade becomes restricted in 1561, to two ships a year coming from Sevilla or Cadiz to Mexico and Panama. 
  • By the early 1600's Spanish rule allows native slaves to be traded in Chile.



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R(eligion):
  • Olvado came to Latin America to teach the people the Spanish language and Catholic religion.
  • Bartolome' de las Casas becomes the first priest in the New World, in 1510. 
  • In 1531, the Virgen de Guadalupe appears to Juan Diego outside of Mexico city. 
  • Brazil becomes Portuguese again after attacking the Jesuit mission. 
  • In 1549, the Catholic bishop, Diego de Landa destroys all Mayan manuscripts leaving only 4. 
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S(ociety):
  • About 65 million Native Americans were located in Central and Latin America, and about 25 million of those were populating Mexico.
  • An outbreak of smallpox becomes a conflict in the Caribbean, what causes the disease of the second emperor of the Aztecs in 1520.
  • The majority of African slaves were located in Brazil, and later on natives became slaves too. 
  • The peace of Utrecht allows Britain to export African slaves in to Spanish America.

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I(nnovation):
  • In 1503, the Spanish built the first sugar mill in Hispaniola.
  • In 1507, a German Cartographer makes a map naming the continent of America after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer. 
  • Francisco Pizarro becomes the first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean when he travels through Panama, joining the Balboa expedition. 
  • The first Americas' university is built in Santo Domingo in 1538. 
  • In 1722, the first newspaper of Spanish America is published in Mexico. 
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A(rts and architecture): 
  • The indigenous people had arts and ceramics of their own before Spanish conquer
  • Once the Spanish came and ruled they had churches built on the ruins of native temples, to enforce Christianity.
  • Plateresque form of Church was an elegant design of high arched ceilings and open chapels.
  •  Baroque architecture was basically the better building of walls and ceilings of communities for them to grow efficiently and stronger.
  • Baroque sculptures were high quality carved in wood and gilded them or covered them in plaster, they were then painted and decorated with rich clothe costumes. These were sometimes monuments. 
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  • In 1503, Jews escaped to Brazil from the Portuguese Inquisition.
  • Spain conquers Jamaica in 1509.
  • In 1519, Hernan Cortez sails from Cuba to Mexico and the Spaniards discover the city of Panama.
  • By 1524 the Spanish accomplish their second conquer in Colombia. 
  • 1532, Pizarron conquers Ecuador and begins the first Spanish settlement in Peru.
  • By the late 1500's Spain and Portugal become united, making Brazil part of Spain too. 

    • http://www.yachana.org/teaching/resources/chron.html
    http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/latin.html